Test Review 
Chapters 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17
Additional Questions have been taken from Chapter 3, 4, & 8

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How did Mongols select their rulers?
They were elected by the senior males.

What was Mongol religious policy?
They were tolerant of religious of all beliefs.

What was the social impact of Mongol conquest in Russia? 
Princes had to pay tribute and the payment bore heavily on the serfs.

What was the most significant impact of the period of the Mongol rule on Russia?
Established Moscow as the capitol for Orthodox Christianity, and as a capital. Moscow became a very powerful city which then brought wealth to Russia. 

What was the status of women during the Yuan Dynasty?
Mongol women did not adopt Chinese practices, thus stayed the same socially, but the Chinese women's status did not get better because Confucian beliefs remained.

By what year had the Arabs been virtually excluded from European trade?
AD1100

Which nation first tried to fill the void in trade following Arabic decline?
The Ming Dynasty, China

What year did the Ming Dynasty put a stop to their state-sponsored commercial voyages?
AD1433

Understand the period of the Ming Dynasty's state sponsored commercial voyages?
After expanding their trade networks with other nations, the emperor at the time blamed any and all bad things upon interactive trade with those other nations, thus drew back from the international trade network.

Renaissance culture was more concerned with ___________ compared to Medieval culture?
Humanism, earthly concerns.

What is ethnocentrism?
The tendency to look at the world from the perspective of one's own culture, example: The Chinese.

Which European monarch is most commonly associated with the concept of ABSOLUTE MONARCHY?
Louis XIV, "I am the state".

What were some of the reforms suggested by Luther?
~Bible should be translated from Latin  
~No monasticism  
~No Priest celibacy, priests should marry 
~Faith alone could grant salvation 
~No tickets into heaven (indulgences)

Which church did Henry the VIII establish?
Church of England/Anglicans/Episcopals

What was the "Edict of Nantes"?
Allowed religious tolerance in France and gave rights to Huguenots (protestant Calvinists). 

What is the proletariat?
People without access to wealth-producing property, forced to work under people  

What are the characteristics of the commercial revolution of the 16th century?
Trade rose, new goods were available, involvements with merchants and markets increased. People started to make things at home.

Who proved the heliocentric theory?
Galileo, Copernicus came up with the idea and Galileo made observations which proved the theory

What is mercantilism?
"Who has more gold?", competition between nations. Government wanted to promote internal economy to improve tax revenues and to limit imports so money was not given to other nations.

What economic theory did Adam Smith propose?
The free market, he proposed this in "the wealth of nations"

What is COTTAGE INDUSTRY and how does it apply to manufacturing in the later 18th century?
Cottage Industry - People making things to sell from their homes. This was the precursor to the industrial revolution

What technological innovation was James Kay credited with?
The "flying shuttle," it "permitted the automatic crossing of threads on looms"

Who were the first Europeans to begin maritime exploration?
Portuguese

What region of the Americas was claimed by Portugal?
Brazil, the east coast of South America.

Describe the state of religion in Africa during the post-classical period?
No dominant religion, no one religion which united Africa. The major religions (Islam, Christianity) were present, but none of them had superiority. Animistic beliefs were common.

What was the major drawback to African trade with other civilizations?
Africa exported raw materials to other places, which discourages industrialized economy.

What region of Africa was first converted to Islam by AD 700?
North east Africa, specifically Egypt.

How was the Qin different from the Zhou?
~Qin- centralized government
~Zhou- ruled through regional nobles

Know the differences between Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism...
~Confucianism: Social hierarchy,
~Taoism: Spiritual/Nature-based,
~Legalism: Strict obedience to the law.

What was the Socratic method?
Inquiry, questions and answers

Describe the Greek and Roman ways of agriculture, politics, laws and Greek democracy...  

Greek democracy: Assemblies for all citizens (white males) to participate and vote on issues. Only found in Athens.

Greek law: Law was lightly constructed.

Greek politics: City-states, no unifying government

Roman law: Heavily used to balance the defense of private property, w/ protection or poor citizens. Basically protecting the accused in a fair trail.

Roman politics: Roman aristocracy first produced a Republic, then later Rome became an EMPIRE. Heavily military-based... and other stuff
Greek/Roman agriculture: Both started using commercial agriculture, farmers began becoming laborers on estates of landlords  
Roman: used Africa for wheat, Greece/Italy for olives and grapes